LEADERSHIP CHARACTERS IN MALAYSIAN RELIGIOUS-NGOs: AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol29no1.5Keywords:
leadership characters, religious-NGOs in Malaysia, charismatic, transformational, servantAbstract
Leadership is a key function and process to unlock the effectiveness and enhancement of any organization’s development, including Religious-NGOs (RNGOs). This can be attained via three main characteristics, which are charismatic, transformational and servant leadership. Previous research has proved that these characteristics are relevant for NGOs, but little was found for RNGOs. RNGO is a form of NGO that is well-known for its active role in contributing to a harmonious and religious society. This paper focused on the concept of leadership in RNGOs and an introductory to the identity of Malaysian Islamic RNGOs that are diverse by ethnic identities. This study was qualitative in nature and depended heavily on existing literature and official reports. The study found that all three selected Islamic RNGOs that represent the Malay Muslims, Chinese Muslims and Indian Muslims adopt and practice charismatic, transformational and servant leadership in executing their organizations’ objectives, which could possibly be a yardstick to effective RNGO leadership development in the future.
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References
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Gill, Roger, Theory and Practice of Leadership (London: Sage Publications, 2013).
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Hailey, J. & James, R., ‘Trees Die from the Top: International Perspectives on NGO Leadership Development,’ Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 15/4 (2004): 343-353.
Hale, Jeff R. & Dail L. Fields, ‘Exploring Servant Leadership Across Cultures: A Study of Followers in Ghana and the USA,’ Leadership, vol. 3/4 (2007): 397-417.
Han, Yong, Nada K. Kakabadse & Andrew Kakabadse, ‘Servant Leadership in the People’s Republic of China: A Case Study of the Public Sector,’ Journal of Management Development, vol. 29/3 (2010): 265-281.
Herman, H. M. & Warren CK Chiu, ‘Transformational Leadership and Job Performance: A Social Identity Perspective,’ Journal of Business Research, vol. 67/1 (2014): 2827-2835.
Hesse, Hermann, The Journey to the East: A Novel (Farrar: Straus and Giroux, 2013).
Hicks, George, ‘Chinese Organizations in Southeast Asia in the 1930s,’ in Social Movement in Malaysia. ed. Saliha Hassan & Meredith L. Weiss. (Singapore: Select Books, 1996), 76-90.
Hogg, M. A., ‘A Social Identity Theory of Leadership,’ Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol. 5 (2001): 184-200.
Hollander, E. P., & Julian, J. W., ‘Contemporary Trends in the Analysis of Leadership Processes,’ Psychological Bulletin, vol. 71 (1969): 387-397.
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Howell, J. M. & Shamir, B., ‘The Role of Followers in the Charismatic Leadership Process: Relationships and their Consequences,’ Academy of Management Review, vol. 30 (2005): 96-112.
Hussain, Muzaffar, ‘The Islamic Polity of Abdul A’la al-Mawdudi,’ VFAST Transactions on Islamic Research, vol. 3/1 (2014): 13-21.
Javidan, Mansour & David A. Waldman, ‘Exploring Charismatic Leadership in the Public Sector: Measurement and Consequences,’ Public Administration Review, vol. 63/2 (2003): 229-242.
Jay Lorsch, ‘A Contingency Theory of Leadership,’ in Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice, ed. Nitin Nohria & Rakesh Kurana (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2010).
Jayakody, J. A. S. K., ‘Charismatic Leadership in Sri Lankan Business Organizations,’ Journal of Management Development, vol. 27/5 (2008): 480-498.
Johnson, R.E., ‘Not all Leader-Member Exchanges are Created Equal: Importance of Leader Relational Identity,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 21/5 (2010): 796-808.
Kean, Tan Boon & Bishan Singh, ‘The Role of NGOs in Development-Malaysian Case Study,’ in Uneasy Relations: The State and the NGOs in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur: Gender and Development Programme, Asian and Pacific Development Center, 1994).
Khan, A. (2007), ‘Islamic leadership principles-a model of success for everyone at all times,’ http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_1401_1450/islamic_leadership_principles.html, accessed on 27 September 2017.
Klein, K. J. & House, R. J. ‘On fire: Charismatic Leadership and Levels of Analysis,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 6 (1995): 183-198.
Loi, Raymond, Hang‐Yue Ngo, Lingqing Zhang & Victor P. Lau, ‘The Interaction between Leader-Member Exchange and Perceived Job Security in Predicting Employee Altruism and Work Performance,’ Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, vol. 84/4 (2011): 669-685.
Lord, R. G. & Dinh, J. E., ‘What have we Learned that is Critical in Understanding Leadership Perceptions and Leader-Performance Relations? Industrial and Organizational Psychology,’ Perspectives on Science and Practice, vol. 7 (2014): 158-177.
Makmor Tumin, ‘NGO dalam Sistem Demokrasi Malaysia,’ Massa, 16 Mei 1998, 62-63.
Meindl, J. R., ‘The Romance of Leadership as a Follower-Centric Theory: A Social Constructionist Approach,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 6 (1995): 329-341.
Meredith L. Weiss, ‘Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics,’ in Social Movements in Malaysia, ed. Meredith L. Weiss (London: Routledge, 2012).
Michael, H. Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation, 1978).
Mitchell, George E., ‘The Attributes of Effective NGOs and the Leadership Values Associated with A Reputation for Organizational Effectiveness,’ Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol. 26/1 (2015): 39-57.
Mohd Faridh Hafez Mhd Omar & Sharifah Hayaati Syed Ismail, ‘Sumbangan Organisasi Cina-Muslim dalam Keharmonian Beragama di Malaysia: Tinjauan Terhadap Cabaran dan Peranan PERKIM dan MACMA,’ in Isu-Isu Semasa Dakwah dan Golongan Minoriti, ed. Raudah Haji Siren et al. (Kuala Lumpur: Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, 2016), 1-27.
Mohd Fuad Mohd Salleh, Liku-liku Gerakan Islam di Malaysia: Satu Catatan Awal (Selangor: Imtiyaz Multimedia Publications, 2015).
Mohd. Yusof, Aminuddin, Kepimpinan (Leadership) (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1990).
Morgeson, F.P., DeRue, D.S. & Karam, E.P., ‘Leadership in Teams: A Functional Approach to Understanding Leadership Structures and Processes,’ Journal of Management, vol. 36 (2010): 5-39.
Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Religious Scholars in the Modern World,’ (Paper presented, the Madrasah Convention organized by MUIS, 15-16 March 2013).
Nabeel Al-Azami, Muhammad 11 Leadership Qualities that Changed the World (California: Claritas Books, 2019).
Omar, Mahyudin & N.H. Abu Samah, ‘The Basis of Leadership in Islam,’ Advances in Natural and Applied Science, vol. 6/8 (2012): 1399-1404.
Osborn, R. N., Hunt, J. G. & Jauch, L. R., ‘Toward A Contextual Theory of Leadership,’ The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 13 (2002): 797-837.
Osman Bakar, ‘An Intercultural Dialogue from within Muslim Communities: A Global Overview,’ in Agree to Differ (UNESCO: Tudor Rose, 2015), 91-97.
Osman Chuah Abdullah, Preaching to the Non-Muslim Chinese in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2009).
Pearce, C. L. & Conger, J. A., Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, 2003).
PERMIM, ‘Heritage,’ http://www.permim.org/index.php/aboutus/heritage, accessed on 27 September 2017.
PERMIM, ‘Vision,’ http://www.permim.org/index.php/aboutus/vision, accessed on 27 September 2017.
Persatuan Cina Muslim Malaysia (MACMA), ‘MACMA Branches,’ http://macma.my/main/index.php/macma-branches/, accessed on 27 September 2017.
Pigors, P. J. W., Leadership or Domination (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1935).
Politis, John D., ‘Transformational and Transactional Leadership Enabling (Disabling) Knowledge Acquisition of Self-Managed Teams: The Consequences for Performance,’ Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 23/4 (2002): 186-197.
Rajoo. R., ‘World view of the Indians with Regard to Their Social Identity and Belonging in Malaysia,’ in Malaysian Worldview, ed. Mohd Taib Osman (Singapore: ISEAS, 1985).
Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism (USA: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Russell, Robert F., ‘The Role of Values in Servant Leadership,’ Leadership & Organization Development Journal, vol. 22/2 (2001): 76-84.
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2021-04-30
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Mhd Omar, M. F. H., Syed Ismail, S. H., & Ilyas, I. S. (2021). LEADERSHIP CHARACTERS IN MALAYSIAN RELIGIOUS-NGOs: AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW. Jurnal Syariah, 29(1), 91–126. https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol29no1.5
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