The Inheritance and Development of Hakka Folk Belief in Malaysia 马来西亚客家民间信仰的传承与发展

Abstract

The Hakka folk beliefs are multi-god and miscellaneous god beliefs, which includes the religious elements of primitive worship, nature worship and ancestral ghost worship, as well as the religious elements of the orthodox religious Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and non-Hakka folk beliefs, even the religious elements of witchcraft and sorcerers. The gods worshipped by the Hakkas are also diverse, including not only Jade Emperor, Buddha, Goddess of Mercy, God, etc. from the orthodox religion, but also Tian Gong, Sun Gong, Gong Wang (She Guan and Bo Gong), Stone Bo Gong, He Bogong, Mazu, Sanshan King, etc. from the primitive worship and nature worship, as well as Han Wang, Kuan Kung , Dipamkara Buddha and Surname ancestors from the ancestor or ancestral ghosts worship. From the end of the 18th century to the 19th century, a large number of Hakkas crossed the ocean to make a living in Nanyang, and Malaysia was one of the destinations. As the Hakka ancestors worked hard and thrived in the local area, Hakka folk beliefs were brought here along with the Hakka migration footprint. However, due to the unique living experience and social environment of Hakka ancestors in Malaysia, the Hakka folk beliefs in the original homeland have gradually passed on the long-term inheritance and development, and gradually showed new regional characteristics. This article attempts to sort out and explain the Hakka folk beliefs in China's native land and Malaysia, and thus discusses the inheritance and development of Hakka folk beliefs in Malaysia. It is designed to help the system understand the Hakka folk beliefs in Malaysia.

Keywords: Malaysia, Hakka, folk belief, inheritance, development

马来西亚客家民间信仰的传承与发展

摘要

客家民间信仰是多神、杂神信仰，其中既有原始崇拜、自然崇拜和祖先鬼魂崇拜的信仰成分，又有正统宗教儒、释、道的信仰成分，还有非客家民系信仰融入的成分，甚至还有巫觋和邪术的信仰成分。客家人所崇拜的神灵也是种类繁多，既有来自正统宗教的玉皇、佛祖、观音、天主等等，也有来自原始崇拜和自然崇拜的天公、太阳公、公王（社官、伯公）、石伯公、河伯公、妈祖、三山国王等等，还有来自先贤或先祖鬼魂崇拜的汉王、关公、定光公和各姓氏始祖等。18 世纪末至 19 世纪，大批客家人漂洋过海到南洋谋生，马来西亚便是其中一个目的地。随着客家先民在当地的拼搏努力、繁衍生息，客家民间信仰也随着客家人的迁徙足迹被带到了这里。然而，由于客家先民在马来西亚独特的生存经历与社会环境，原乡地的客家民间信仰经过了长期的传承与发展，逐渐表现出新的地域化特征。本文试图对中国原乡地及马来西亚的客家民间信仰略做整理、说明，由此论及马来西亚客家民间信仰的传承与发展，旨在对系统了解马来西亚客家民间信仰有所帮助。

关键词：马来西亚，客家，民间信仰，传承，发展